M91MC
On the Scientific Technology and Social Reformation of China in Modern Times
Student Name Chao Xie
Id 2361468
In modern times, China went through a hard and twisted road in terms of learning western advanced scientific technology and improving social reformation. The economic system reform and the political system reform directed by China’s former leader Deng Xiaoping and his pursuit of socialist democratic politics have provided the historic premise of the ad vocation that scientific technology is the first productivity. After the 16th Session of the CPC, the Central Committee of the CPC have put forward the scientific developing view on building the nation of scientific and technological innovative style, setting up the society of energy saving style, and construction the harmonious society between person and person, people and nature, people and society, which helps to find the way of realizing the social reformation promoted by scientific technology.
Opium of the rumbling guns, led at that time very few advanced Chinese began to face the West with steam power marked the first technological revolution in the birth of ships and armament and military technology. However, the beginning of the period of human ignorance, the spirit worship, witchcraft and superstition, still exists in the minds of the Qing Dynasty generals in the defense against an enemy. Qing Dynasty “star” to see the British warships rampage unhindered, heavy artillery, think that there must be witchcraft, then come up with an “evil with evil system” of the “coup”, the command used to collect non-governmental women’s toilet, set out in rafts above, the system attempts to yin yang, to the evil system of evil, to the toilet in the filthy things against an enemy. The result is “good ideas” out of the British drive straight. Lin, Wei and a few advanced Chinese, British gunboats in the last open door of the Qing Empire in front of the grim reality, have from the “heavenly nation,” the dream of waking, initially recognized: economic and technological backwardness China, in order to overcome the strong Western invaders, we must understand and learn from the West. In the closed-door era of the Qing Dynasty under the rule of feudal autocracy, Lin start with all the feudal bureaucrats, have a narrow arrogance, substandard Current Affairs stereotypes, the world outside of China in ignorance. For military struggle, and Lin to explore the Western military technology. He organized the translation of the relevant European technical and warships fired artillery target schema, etc., and then recommended the establishment of new defense industry to the Guangdong Customs tariff million teals of silver to create a new ship guns to defend the coastal defense. Very close to the Wei and Lin have a demonstrate their knowledge and discussion of current affairs. Wei Yuan in the Anti-British struggle, see the West “ships and armament” and “Advanced Technology” is the enemy of the reasons why success. The Debate in the spirit of motivation and strengthen the country, the energies to write “World Records” book. The book introduces the advanced Western science and technology, particularly with firearms, warships, introduced the production technology. Wei Yuan, described in the book “Learn the skills to subdue long”, that is to learn the strengths of the West to resist aggression and defeat the enemy’s thinking. He believes that “ships and armament” is the main reason the West over China. Therefore, the “barbarian” is mainly to learn Western military technology. He believes that “barbarian chief technology” is a “warship” with “firearm.” So he prepared study specific measures to the West: an organized military industry set up shipyard, Firearms Bureau, production vessels, guns. Second was the establishment of civil industry, production days, feet, miles mirrors, Shan cars, fire engineers, steamer boat, rotation of the pestle, jin said so. “Any civilian who benefit,” can be linked with the military industry at the same time. Raise funds to allow merchants to open factory Bureau freedom, manufacturing ships, and machinery. Wei Yuan to the West to learn the major task of modern Chinese society, busy “learning the length of Technology from the Western,” summed up. Unfortunately, not from the acceptance of modern Western Wei advanced science and technology to promote social change in China in order to improve the quality and to strengthen the country’s point of view, to promote learning from the West; but simply that learning the enemy’s strengths, in order to defeat the enemy thus limited to narrow the concept of patriotism and nationalism — his nationalism, not from the “Hua Yi” in Chinese ethnocentrism; his patriotism, not from the “heavenly nation,” feudal imperialism. Because of the inherent Empire “heavenly nation,” not the slightest idea of touch, so, for this word of warning though the thought in modern China, left step forward, did not cause the government and the public’s attention. On the contrary, the Japanese were the West opened the door of the guns by the shock of China, Japan Patriots from “maritime powers,” to draw ideas nutrition, convert it to “reform” the spirit of the weapon.
Of western modern science and technology, and promote their social change, it is useful to the same period of modern China and Japan, as a comparison. Mid-19th century Asian, Western invaders fire has opened China’s and Japan’s door. Guns awakened the Chinese and Japanese people with lofty ideals, their eyes see the world, to see the advanced science and technology, national strength, and a strong entrepreneurial nature, highly aggressive western countries, China and Japan are facing both anti-Western aggression, but also to the advanced study of the historical task of the West. Thus, two people with lofty ideals, and began to explore the difficult process of learning from the West. At the same time, China and Japan!, Half of the century, also began the modernization attempts. However, China and Japan’s modernization campaign, but with very different results. In short, the successful modernization of Japan, and China’s modernization is basically little success or failure. What causes led to such different outcomes? Some scholars have to!, Century – Western #’s before and after propagation in the case of China and Japan, as well as modern Western and Japanese treatment of the different attitude compared. [$] Modern Western analysis of the situation in the spread of similarities and differences between China and Japan, found that in addition to absorbing Western countries aim is to resist aggression, to the survival of the nation that the same prosperity, it also found many differences. These differences reflected three points: First, the Japanese Shogun ate reform period of introduction and imitation weapons and equipment and other modern Western activities, from the beginning after the Chinese Opium War; Er Chinese Xiangsiguimo De activities, Yi Zhi to the Taping Heavenly Kingdom right fatal Wei Xie Qing Zhengfugoucheng O’clock forced to start in time about a decade later than in Japan. Second, the aforementioned famous Chinese Confucian scholars Wei book publicity “learning Technology from the Western” thought “maritime powers,” resonate well in Japan, in China it is hard to play the same effect. Third, Western learning in Japan in a timely and effective communication to help the reformers in Japan are the mountain more quickly, “Resisting the Foreigners” to “founding” of the change, which in turn get rid of the advanced elements of the “Oriental morality, Western Art” View the impact of on social reform in Japan has played an important role in promoting; while a western China, is unable to obtain Ru in Japan as the Chuanbo, China Tong Zhi touch of class in time and understand Western culture to the people, much less the Japanese Xiang Bi, Chinese Westernization is always surrounded by feudal diehards, the basic failure to break through, “as the body, Western learning for” View of the restrictions, they cannot promote social reform in China was moving in the direction of depth. The feudal ruling class of the diehards, it serves as a waste of Western science and technology, dismissed. In the final analysis, modern science and technology requires advanced economic and political system for the act. In an interview with the course of modern science and technology, we must consciously transform the old economy, political system, and promote social change. Using this standard, you can find, modern science and technology as forerunner of the spread of Western learning in Japan, why would these three different performance? Specifically, the following reasons. First, China and Japan have different cultural traditions. Traditional Chinese culture is Confucianism; Confucianism advocated “Narrating the letter and the good ancient”, so that the bad old ways become the academic style of study. Until after the mid-19th century modern times, Chinese people still widespread Confucianism advocates “Huayi” thinking, the Chinese claim to bring all foreign contempt for “barbarians”, the contravention of foreign culture has great feel. The spirit behind this conservative state, and incompatible with the spirit of open scientific progress. It caused the Chinese community closed door, but also the Chinese culture, foreign cultures have a tenacity of repulsive force and resistance force, and Japan’s cultural traditions are very different. Japanese nation has learned the fine tradition of foreign advanced culture. In ancient times, Japan once draw North Korea, China and India’s culture to develop Japan’s own culture; 17th century, the Japanese accepted Western culture through the Dutch, known as the “Blue School”; to the 19th century, it mainly English acceptance of Western culture; to the Meiji Restoration, Japan is the world different cultures, taking a specific tolerance, in particular a substantial absorption of Western culture. In short, the traditional Japanese culture and enterprising spirit of openness, acceptance of modern Western science and technology becomes the ideological weapon for social change. It even succeeded in Japanese society to reform and opening up of the Japanese culture; foreign cultures have a tolerance inclusive. Second, China and Japan in the understanding of Western enlightenment there are differences. China’s Western enlightenment on a very superficial understanding of Western learning, always quick success, careless. They corrupt the whole of China’s feudal society a lack of internal consciousness, so regard the feudal culture regarded as a creed. Their self-righteous belief that only material of feudal China as the West, Confucianism, system, ideology, culture, moral, spiritual and political philosophy, is better than the West. Their own intellectual tradition by putting a heavy burden, they did not determine the work to be thoroughly Western enlightenment. In contrast, the Japanese were on the more mature Western enlightenment. Spread their enthusiasm to learn and Western. Hours in the West to accept not only the traditional burden without thinking, but Western has a more sober analysis of the attitude. They learn from the West, is not that the West is perfect, but simply because it is one step higher than the current situation in Japan. They thought the maturity and calm, as the Japanese accepted Western absorb modern Western science and technology, promote their social change, creating good conditions. Third, the political power of China and Japan’s attitude towards Western Learning different. In China, the political culture of feudal autocracy will inevitably lead to the tyranny of imprisonment, must implement a conservative ideology and culture of ignorance policy. After the Opium War, the Qing government did not realize that being beaten because of their backward, still advanced to the Western technological culture, known as the “clever tricks and wicked craft,” the study of Western culture, accused of “barbarian change to summer.” With such mentality, of course, not take the initiative to learn modern Western science and technology, will not take the initiative to promote their social change. Therefore, the modern Chinese government has never failed to introduce western culture in a big way as a national policy to implement. Japan is not. Clear that the Meiji government’s program to “seek knowledge in the world, boosted by Wong base”, this as a national policy, which began a large-scale absorption of the work of European and American culture. With such mentality, they will naturally take the initiative to learn modern Western science and technology initiative for their own social change. Western China and Japan’s attitude towards decision-makers so different is bound to affect the Western China and Japan in the different reactions. It is for these three reasons, resulted in the two countries of western modern science and technology during the different approaches. It is this different manner, leading to the Qing government in the Westernization top-down implementation of the study of Western science and technology, sports, ended in failure. Westernization of the pursuit of wealth, strong demand are not realized, the Chinese feudal society is still in the dark. At the same time, the original is almost the same with China behind Japan, the Meiji Restoration of 1868 began to learn advanced Western technology, China has achieved with very different results. 90 to the 19th century, Japan has a number of scientific and engineering fields to make achievements, Japanese society has achieved feudalism into capitalism by the changes.
Reform Movement, the reformers to the spirit of science and technological progress as the theme of enlightenment and hope to the scientific spirit of national reconstruction of the human spirit, reformists who in their own unique experience and superior wisdom, explores the reason why modern Western prosperity, the reason for China The basic reason for the decline of Western society through the spirit of scientific rationality and the principles of democracy and freedom to give a deep insight to the system and the creative people have made a good introduction and explanation. Western reformers to explain to transform the traditional Chinese concept, and promote scientific and rational thinking works in casting the new national human spirit, of great significance. Reformists modern world is the Enlightenment in the East China births, but also people from the closed to the modern concept of the traditional concept of the conversion process, a worthy precursor of Enlightenment. Reformists attention beyond the Westernization “New Deal” to seek ships and armament, training self-limitations, but will move to Western eyes the reason underlying causes of wealth and power, move to transform the national spirit with the spirit of science to improve the quality of Deep search. Reformists recognize both the concrete practice of innovation in the feudal system of government is the only way for China’s rich and powerful, but also recognize that update and reconstruction of people’s thinking and in the human spirit, people with modern scientific theories of Enlightenment, not only to establish the basic engineering of modern power, and is more fundamental tasks. Therefore, with rich Western Yan Fu, the systematic spread of Western, to treat secondary anachronistic shortcomings, I hope life is full of vitality in a heterogeneous culture, conservative people to impact and refresh the rigid way of thinking. Yan Fu translated and introduced them to people, is related to the natural and social sciences and many other fields of modern Western works. He demonstrated to the people behind a transformation of China’s frame of reference: an evolutionary concept, trade liberalism, Civil Rights, the rule of law doctrine, the spirit of science, scientific methodology and other aspects constitutes the new picture of the world. Yan Fu, and other reformers who enlightenment, no doubt for the modern Chinese people to accept modern Western science and technology, and promote social change in China has made great contributions. However, modern China is different from the West. After the West since the Renaissance, the tradition of experimental science endless and increasingly flourish, her remarkable spirit of science, empirical values and corresponding to the human spirit, constantly enjoys popular support. Therefore, the growing prosperity of modern Western. The hundreds of years, no such tradition in China, which was dying? In this background, Reformists absorb modern Western science and technology, and promote advocacy of social change in China, as well as learn from the West vigorously promoting the spirit of modern science, although it targets the fundamental ills of modern Chinese society, but at the time of traditional feudal the ocean, the remains can only be vast in the dark night and a solitary light. Reformists ahead of its insight, we come to the fundamental lie. However, there is no foundation, the lack of soil, consistent with the scientific spirit and humanistic spirit, it is difficult to survive and over time the Chinese. Hundred Days period, reformers advocate of science and technology, the rich, powerful, despite the significant, but to the tragedy of its ending, because here. Sun Yat-sen has a profound understanding of this, he was questioned on this issue: “The World Games will be this time of evolution, human development occasion, gone too far to the east, but before I modified the country rich and powerful who, why has it? Sun Yat-sen very well to explore the reasons behind China than Japan, is not the development of humanities, human spirit advocated not. The good news is, as a pioneer of the bourgeois reformers reform expectations, and as a pioneer of the bourgeois revolution of Sun Yat-sen ideal, experiencing all kinds of twists and turns, painful history, finally established in the PRC when the rise of the dawn gradually become a reality.
40 years of history since the 20th century to the revolution of physics, atomic energy utilization, the successful trial was marked by computer, formed the contents of a deeper, broader technological revolution of modern science. During this period, China has undergone enormous changes, under the leadership of the Communist Party established The People’s Republic of China. This major historical turning point for modern China’s advanced science and technology to accept and absorb the spirit of modern science and opened up a broad road. However, the weight of feudal history, cultural traditions, cannot get rid of overnight. New China receiving advanced science and technology absorb modern scientific spirit; will also take a hard and tortuous road. History needs a new turn. The Cultural Revolution, “can almost be” to promote people have a new awareness. When people face the world again, and found that in the modern new wave of technological revolution, they left behind. China must accept the modern advanced science and technology absorb modern scientific spirit. Deng Xiaoping in the “Cultural Revolution” after the great strategist of the boldness of vision, creating a new era of reform and opening up, people realized the urgent need of a new historical turning point. Deng Xiaoping’s “Science and technology are primary productive forces” great idea, it is 100 years of Chinese people to pursue advanced science and democracy in the modern history of the two major themes. Deng Xiaoping advocated by the economic system to political system reform, and his pursuit of socialist democratic politics, to shape the people of the modern human spirit, provide a historical premise. After the Chinese Communist Party 16th session construction of the CPC Central Committee put forward the national scientific and technological innovation, establishment of energy-saving society, building people, man and nature, human and social harmony of the scientific concept of development is for the science and technology for social change in China to find ways to achieve.
Reference
[1] Chen Xuli Modern Chinese History Beijing Higher Education Press 2007 p102-103
[2] Zeng Yali Modern Sino-Japanese relations Jiangxi Social Science Press 2006 p53
[3] Selected Works of Zhou Enlai Beijing Beijing People’s University Press 1987p36
[4] Huang Kai Opium War Zhejiang University Press 1999 p201
[5] http://baike.baidu.com/view/10777.htm
[6] Imperialism in Nineteenth-Century China (1): Foreign Mud on Good Earth: British Opium Enterprise Vis-a-Vis China Tan Changchun Report, Jan 1981; 17: 9 – 41.
